How to Reward Children for Good Behavior Without Food

Behavior Chart

1. Buy or make a chart behavior and the name of your child on it. Identify the behavior that you want, to do your child. When you make the chart, write the days of the week on the top and a list of desired behaviors the down side.
2. Let your child personalize his chart by drawing on it or decorating it.
3. Help your child to create a list of awards. The reward must be something which your child enjoys. You decide with your child, how many times per week, to earn a reward to the desired behavior. Also the scale of the child rewards. When the child runs twice the behavior, you can earn such as a yo-yo. When she runs 10 times the behavior, you can earn a film. Put the chart in a place where your child, such as on the refrigerator, or in the Hall from her bedroom, so it will remind you of the desired behavior.
4. Often, time spent with a parent is a reward that pleases a child.
5. Place a sticker or points earned (for older children) on the chart whenever he performs the desired behavior. Praise your child for his accomplishments.
6. At the end of the week, review the chart with your child and give her the reward(s) she has earned.
7. Gradually scale out the chart as your child internalizes the behavior.

Different Forms of Rewards

1. Identify a variety rewards for your child, ranging from small, inexpensive items to moderately priced ones for difficult behaviors. Examples of inexpensive rewards are markers, noise-makers and notepads. Examples of moderately priced rewards include game and movie rentals, a ticket to a concert, clothes and a monetary contribution to something your child wants. Remember to include rewards that do not cost anything, such as a bike ride, a trip to a museum, staying up late or a sleepover.
2. Use a variety of types of rewards for your child, including sensory (hugs, blowing bubbles or listening to music); verbal or social (thumbs up, hugs, pats on the back and smiling); material (pens and pencils, books and movie tickets); and general (tokens and points). General rewards often are redeemed for something else when the child accrues a specific number.
3. Use coupons or money to give your older child more opportunities. Have your child make a list of things, what he like to do. Assign a value to each element. If your child earns enough "money" or coupon, he can for the reward trade.
4. Use bonuses. When your child does something positive, give her a bonus. A bonus could be letting her sleep late on the weekend, buying additional minutes for her phone or giving her a night off from one of her chores.

Verbal Rewards

1. Verbally reward your child for exhibiting desired behaviors. Make it a point to "catch your child doing something good."
2. Praise your child as soon as she exhibits the desired behavior.
3. State exactly what you are praising your child for doing. For example, say, "You did a great job cleaning your room today."
4. Recognize your child for part of a behavior he does correctly, even if he doesn't get it all right. For example, if the only part of cleaning his room your child accomplished was picking up his clothes.
5. Praise your child as often as possible. Aim to praise your child four times (or more) for every time you correct her. The praise must be deserved and genuine.

How to Compare Child Discipline to Punishment

Instructions

1. Compare child discipline to punishment. These two are not necessarily the same thing. Discipline is specific training designed to produce specific character traits (such as honesty, integrity, kindness and respect for others) whereas punishment carries with it a penalty for an offense.
2. Design discipline education for your child. A synonym for discipline is "Education." Recognize that you decide your child to discipline whether you train him one way or another. He will be brought up in your home to some positive or negative values. If he rules is never required, insured company discipline is maintained, and not as lovingly as a parent.
3. Set for your child as from certain rules the trash, keep curfew neat and coming home her room.
4. Physically punish (spank) only when necessary. Let the punishment of crime to fit. If he refuses, to the trash, take something what he wants to do, like a friend to play at home. By and by ignoring your authority as a parent must be treated however down with. A child, the willfully disobedient, disrespectful and threw tantrums a SWAT on the bottom is possible. A young child is slightly dangerous and ignoring verbal warnings (such as on the road play or play with matches) must feel the "heat" your correction.
5. Think about your goals as a parent in the child to compare discipline. You want your child to obey out of love and respect, not to fear. Create clear rules for him to follow. Make sure that your child knows what is expected of her. Punish a child simply childish behavior that disturbs you.

How to Discipline Children Without Yelling

Instructions

1. Ask your kids to think about, such as her behavior affects you or others. For example, if your children don't pick up their toys questions they think about how this makes you feel, and then ask how to act so that you don't feel that way of thinking.
2. For young children, use a timeout. Put it in a quiet place without bonuses to help you, they map out the bad behavior, and move on to a new activity, after it is done a simple explanation. The advantage of the time-out is that it keeps the child the attention that can reinforce bad behavior.
3. Explain what behavior you expect before you punish. For example if your child makes a mess, to say it, why it is not allowed and clearly explain that the next time need to clean herself up. If she do it again, remind them of your warning and enforce the punishment.
4. Discipline kids older than 10 by letting them experience the natural consequences of their actions. For example, if your child doesn't do his homework, he has to suffer the bad grade at school.

Positive Ways to Discipline Your Child

Rules

Positive discipline begins with the establishment and continuous enforcement of the rules. Children need boundaries to learn. Borders are as safety nets for children.

They understand what they can and what not, what they can or can not say, and what is expected of them. Rules provide the child with predictability boundaries and consequences, stability and consistency. The rules should be fair and age appropriate and have some flexibility.

Consequences

Positive discipline includes follow. A child should learn at an early age, there are negative as well as positive, consequences for his behavior. Learn natural consequences or the hard way help children understand and experience with related follow behaviors. Structured or planned follow help to see the correlation between their behaviors and their consequences for behavior. Children know what are their consequences in advance. Follow with planned the child makes a choice and therefore must recognize his behaviour and accept the result.

Time Out

Time out can the child time to think about their behavior.

Timeout can be the child the opportunity to reflect on his behavior. Typically, the child in time-out is one minute for each year of his age. In other words, if the child is 5 years old, is the child in time out for 5 minutes. Some children have a difficult time isolated in their rooms, while other children can enjoy the opportunity to their rooms. In this case might be time more effective, if the child has, in a corner or at the kitchen table to sit. If timeout is finished, should a conversation with the child be made, to assure that he has sympathy for the discipline why was attached.

Redirecting

If the child to do something or act in a negative way, can his attention to something else redirect reduces or stops the behavior. It is important to the child to an activity or chore that find pleasant or stimulating the child would redirect. For example, when Johnnie, who loves to help in the kitchen is he on his little sister, Susie, picking can be redirected to say something as simple as, "Johnnie, you have to help me make dinner."

Teaching

Teaching is a proactive discipline technique. With this method, the child is prepared in advance. For example, if you plan to take an active child to a funeral, you can speak with the child in advance. Talk to him about what he will hear or see, in addition to what is expected of him. This proactive technique will also help alleviate fears, which sometimes attribute to anxieties in children.

How to Help a Child Who Doesn't Respond to Discipline

Instructions

Assess

1. Observe your current use of discipline and its outcome. Is it working?
2. When the use of discipline or punishment. Discipline comes from the word "Disciple", which means "to teach." Children are more likely to respond positively to a method of teaching, the real life choices and consequences as with fear-based punishment includes.
3. When the use of discipline or punishment. Discipline comes from the word "Disciple", which means "to teach." Children are more likely to respond positively to a method of teaching, the real life choices and consequences as with fear-based punishment includes.
4. Make a list of behaviors of that bother you. On the opposite side of the list, please write down the behaviors you want to see instead or to appreciate what you know about your child.
5. Decide which behaviors do not need discipline and which ones need to be addressed.
6. Think about how you can your child from point of view of loving approach so that he, wants to work with you. Note can real instructions that you use with your child that confirm to promote your child's value and cooperation. For example "I really appreciate that you the blocks picked up" or "I noticed that Maggie helped, if these children were her bother." "You showed that you care."

Discuss

1. Talk with your child about discipline and ask your child how he want to solve behavior problems. Older children often have solutions with those parents would find acceptable.
2. Focus on behaviors you would like to see rather than spell out a list of forbidden behaviors.
3. If you have a pre-verbal child, consider ways you can redirect behavior from something that is inappropriate to an appropriate action.

Choice

1. Point out the choices your child makes all through out the day so the focus is not only on negative outcomes.
2. Teach with choices rather than punishment. If your child will not pick up her toys when asked, offer her a choice. Say something like, "If you pick up your toys now you will have them to use later today
3. Offer to join in and clean up together with children who are young or very frustrated.

 Consistency

1. Be careful not to overuse choices and consequences so they become punishment in disguise.
2. Plan ahead and follow through with choices and consequences so you and your child both get used to a consistent way of teaching.
3. Allow yourself the space to experiment and grow with the process of discipline. This may be a new way of teaching your child, and there may be times when you question yourself.

Anger

1. Describe how you feel rather than direct your anger toward your child.
2. If you feel at any point that you have crossed the line into punishment because you are angry, don't be afraid to apologize and start over.
3. Discuss ways to appropriately deal with anger with your child. Children who are old enough can talk about what they are feeling, while not blaming others.

How to Talking With Preschoolers About Their Behavior

Approaching Preschoolers

If you must talk about their behavior with preschoolers, knees on their level. This is them with respect and allow you while your produce conversation eye contact. You should for their full attention and eye contact, as well as issues. Approach children in a quiet way, close enough that you must raise not your voices. Approach and the way you preschooler sets the tone for a conversation about their behavior. Stop you overreact to and cause further inappropriate behavior.

Positive Reinforcement

In talks with children pre-school age children about good and bad behavior, use positive reinforcement. When children achieve goals or show friendliness, you praise the specific behavior and called proud to bring. Use positive language also to recognize inappropriate behavior in children of pre-school age. For example to a child, which throws a ball in the classroom, and say to him: "You have only to, throw the ball outside" instead of "not the ball to throw." The opinion will provide the child guidance and avoid a negative interaction.

Clear Communication

Consider the age and language development of children of pre-school age, when the talk with them about their behavior. Use short sentences and a syllable words help you communicate with them clearly. Mention your most important points first, while you have their attention. Enter your expectations after your concerns about their behavior reflected appropriate and ask the children to repeat it back to you. This helps maintain the messages.

Teaching Consequences

When inappropriate behavior which addresses children of pre-school age, let them know why they made bad decisions, follow with the Declaration. They tell them that are way sure that measures affect them personally along with those around them. For example, if a child grabs a toy from a classmate, explicit, to her cause as this makes the other child feel and let them know it to peers no longer with her play want to. Should children point out how their positive actions make others feel good.

The Method of Separating Variables

For a variable, or unknown, solving in mathematics, you need to isolate the variable. Isolating one variable means that one it alone on one side of the equal sign. If two or more variables are available, first need the variables to isolate, separate one from them.

Simplifying Equations

        The first step in evaluating an equation is to simplify it. Divide both sides by any common factors. For example, if you are simplifying the equation 10xy^2 = 6y, you would divide each side by 2y. The equation then becomes 5xy = 3. Without having a second equation, you cannot solve for "x" or "y"; you can only get one variable in terms of the other. To isolate the "x" variable, divide each side by 5y. Thus, x = 3/(5y). Alternatively, divide each side by 5x to isolate the "y" variable. Thus, y = 3/(5x).
    
Fractions

        If fractions are present in the equation, reduce the fractions. To do this, divide the numerator (top expression) and denominator (bottom expression) by any common factors. For example, if you are simplifying the fraction 10xy^2/(5xy) = 3, you would divide the numerator and denominator by 5xy. The equation then becomes 2y = 3. Note that you do not divide "3" by 5xy. Because the equation 2y = 3 only has one variable, it can be solved. Dividing both sides by 2, you get y = 3/2. That is true regardless of the value of x, and so you do not have enough information to solve for x. The only limitation on the value of x is that it cannot equal zero because the denominator of a fraction cannot equal zero.
    
Quadratics

        Quadratics are equations with 2 as the highest exponent. Quadratics can be factored but each factor will still contain both variables. For example, a^2 + 2ab + b^2 = 0 can be factored into (a + b)^2 = 0. Taking the square root of both sides of the equation, you get a + b = 0. Thus, a = -b and b = -a. As described above, you cannot solve for either variable; you can only get one variable in terms of the other. If you have a second equation, you would substitute "-b" in for "a" and solve that equation for b. You would then use the relationship of a = -b to solve for a.
    
Trigonometry

        One of the most useful trigonometric identities (or expressions that relate trigonometric functions to each other) is (sin x)^2 + (cos x )^2 = 1. That is true for any angle "x". Thus, if an expression contains two angles, you may be able to eliminate one of them by substituting "1" for (sin x)^2 + (cos x )^2. For example, (sin y)[(sin x)^2 + (cos x )^2] = 0.105 simplifies to (sin y)(1) = 0.105, so sin y = 0.105. You can solve for y by taking the inverse sine of 0.105 on a scientific calculator.

How to Decode PHP Code

Often programmers must be transferred that data over networks is transferred correctly to encode PHP code or text, to be sure, and that search algorithms are optimized to minimize the search time. PHP coding is used also for security applications, where providing passwords and financial transactions over open networks such as the World Wide Web. When assessing the PHP code can programmers Please note that code and text strings that appear nonsensical. This code is often encrypted PHP code. Read or it usually the decryption requires that to decode it functions like the decode base-64 function with PHP decode.

Instructions

1. Copy you the code or text that has been encoded with the base64_encode function. This encoded text can be on the Web page that you view or in a PHP file are displayed. If it is in the PHP file, open the PHP file with a text editor, select the encoded text and copy it to the clip board. In this example, it is assumed that the base64-encoded text in the PHP file was: "WW91ciBlbmNvZGVkIGNhcmQgbnVtYmVyIGlzIDMyNDU2NA ==". This encoded text of base64 encoding the non-encrypted text matches, "Your memory card number is 324564." 

2. Creation you have a new text file with the text editor program. Save the file named "decodedPHP.php." 

3. Allows the PHP-script operator in the first row of the text file to, that the text is encoded PHP script: 
<? Php

4. Deklarieren you have a PHP string variable "$ str" called on the next line of text editor. Paste in the encoded text that you copied, and then assign it to the variable str $ with the equal sign.

$str = 'WW91ciBlbmNvZGVkIGNhcmQgbnVtYmVyIGlzIDMyNDU2NA =='; ""the WW91ciBlbmNvZGVkIGNhcmQgbnVtYmVyIGlzIDMyNDU2NA == where is the base64 encoding for "Number is your memory card 324564". 

5. giving you the PHP code of the decrypted contents of the string displayed in. Decoded PHP code on the computer screen, you use the PHP echo function and the function of base64_decode anzeigenEcho base64_decode($str);

6. Geben you on the next line of text editor the code that the PHP script ends.?> 

7. saving them the PHP file and upload it to your Web server. Navigate to the Web page that you uploaded to the Web server. Note that the decoded PHP string variable will be shown on your Web page and it reads: 'Number your memory card is 324564'; 

8. use the following PHP code string variables as base64 secret codes. View replacement-different string variables in $str2 the base64 code and copy you the encoded string in the variable $str to see that the base64 decode and encode functions work correctly. 

<? PHP

$str = 'WW91ciBlbmNvZGVkIGNhcmQgbnVtYmVyIGlzIDMyNDU2NA =='; 
Echo base64_decode($str);
$str2 = 'Point your memory card is 324564';
Echo base64_encode($str2);

?>

How to Code a Live Chat System in PHP

Encoding a PHP chat system is not difficult, but it requires a significant amount of code. The chat system effectively encoding need first to define the PHP chat module and its functionality. The PHP code must be data between a MySQL database and the client-side scripting software (such as JavaScript-ActionScript) designed form data and server variables.

Instructions

1. Definieren you the functionality of the modules of the PHP-chat application. Use the first PHP module to update the MySQL database with the IP address of the visitor, that have sent a chat. The second PHP module included in the code to send the latest chat submitted to all users that are currently stored in the chat-MySQL database.


2. Gehören in the first PHP module of PHP code to read the data in the text boxes of the form chat. Using the PHP "$ _POST ' global array variables get entered text in the chat form message text box and the user name that was entered in the chat form the user name text box. Use the "PHP $_SERVER" global array to store the user's IP address sent to the chat. Use "Mysqlconnect" PHP statement to connect to the database MySQL and PHP ' Mysqlquery ' statement with the MySQL database statement a "Update" to save the IP address, the user name, the chat message and time, received chat message was. to check 

3. Gehören the second PHP module of PHP code, whether a new chat message has been received. We achieve this with PHP code that implements a sort on the field of "Id" in the MySQL database. To determine whether the last "id" in the way a smaller numerical value as the "id" of the currently submitted chat message has the PHP code. If the "id" of the currently submitted chat is higher than the "id" of all submitted chats using the PHP "Function Mysql_query" with "select" and "Paste" and "limit" options. Using PHP "mysql_fetch_array()" function to find, the records, the chat data that do not broadcast." Broadcast with the PHP "echo" statement of each chat message that was not sent.

How to Insert a T-Variable in PHP

PHP is a popular scripting language for Web developers, because it enables the seamless integration of dynamic and interactive content with HTML. The analysis system for PHP creates tokens from the encoding syntax, such as "T_Variable" syntax "$ foo." PHP allows programmers, variables to store values in a variety of formats on how to use such as numeric strings, characters, or memory addresses. Learn how you insert a T_Variable in PHP can perform operations on dynamic information, such as in a program, the area calculated on the basis of user entered height and width.

Instructions

1. Name of the variable. Start the T_Variable name with the characters "$" ($). Lead the dollar sign with the name of the variable. Use an underscore (_), to start the variable name if the name starts with a number or break apart words within the name. For example "$ _99balloons" or "$ Purchase_date" are both valid variable name. 

2. you have a scope for the variable. Set the variable outside the function you define the variable for all of the code as a global variable. You give to the variable inside a function 

3. set define as "local", only within this function defined. the variable as static or dynamic. You determine whether you should lose their value the variable at the end of each function or if you can change functions, the value of the variable. For example, code, the one the variables to (e.g. $X + 1) can always only the value of $X, if you define it as static. Type the keyword "static" before the variable definition functions change the value of the variable. 

4. Definieren you the variable. Use the operator "=" (equal), to set the value of the variable. For example "$ foo = bar" defines the variable "$ foo" with the value "Bar." Type "echo($foo)" to PHP return "Bar." "

How to Create a Web Comic Template

Comics are a universal form of storytelling. The combination of graphics and text make entertaining the format on a wide range of readers. Differently with normal books, comic-book item, allowing readers to choose titles based on taste. The Web offers with the ability, author of comics little until no picture creative freedom allows skills but still experienced illustrators. A Web comic template is an efficient way to prepare your comic to follow a routine release schedule. The tasks required to create a Web template comic are similar to when creating your first comic.

Instructions

1. Dial you a Web comic generator your requirements and the following criteria based on: the option, the comics creating the ability, character of pictures, create the function to insert your own images and graphics, the cost of the platform and the usability of the tool. Base of your choice on the attributes that are important for the objectives of the project. You play with two to three comic generators before reaching a decision. 

2. curtain you the basic attributes of your comic. Make the funny long form, like a graphic novel or short as a comic strip. Use color or black and white images. Write the comic for children or for adults. Choose a type of attribute from this category sets, and remain in the process. These attributes look effects, feeling and content of your comic. 

3. Entwurf for an overview of your comic-book characters. Describe the main characters are, where they live, what interests them and what they do. You sketch a drawing of your main characters, if possible (although this is optional). 

4. Eine create history for your first Web comic and then write a comic book script. Describe the action and all important landscapes in each Panel. Contain any dialogue, Panel by Panel. Testing completed comic book scripts for reference. 

5. using the comic book Builder took you create your first comic. Each panel based design, as described in the comic book script. Remember the decisions, that you have the attributes of your comic made. 

6. save you two copies of your Web comic: as the first edition and the other as the comic-book template. As a result, you can edit the copy of the template for future issues.

How to Create a VEX Image

If you want to create a VEX image, you use the VEX generator inside of Houdini, a 3D animation tool of side effects software developed. VEX images are composited images of VEX generator creates. VEX is a command-based generator based on your existing project files. This script sets various parameters on the command line, which is defined, adjust based on your personal preferences. VEX images are raster image types and can be generated only in Houdini.

Instructions 

1. Open you your image in Houdini. 

2. click on "annoy" then "vex generator."

3. Giving you your parameters in the input location. If you are not sure, the available parameters are in the documentation. If you want to let the field empty, all standard options in the town to leave. 

4. click on "Generate" on, when you are finished setting the parameters. Select a location for the image saved to and click on "Save".

How to Create Tutorials for Word in Dreamweaver

Word processors have the necessary tools, to help you to understand tutorials for software such as Microsoft Word Help. You can save these tutorials in the default format of the Word document so that you can send it to others.  

But if you want to make your tutorials online, you should HTML-encode so that people who are interested in these tutorials can immediately see the tutorial on your browser. This also means that you can use popular Web development tools such as Adobe Dreamweaver, make to your Microsoft Word tutorials.

Instructions

1. Click "File" from the menu bar of Adobe Dreamweaver and select "New". Click "Blank page" and select "HTML template" to display a list of layout options.

2. Choose the layout, which you want to have for your Microsoft Word tutorials, and click the "Create" button.

3. In the menu bar, click "View" and select "Design" to see how the template looks. Replace the text with the Microsoft Word tutorial content. Click on "File" and go to "Save as... Save" to save your tutorial.

Tips & Warnings   

If you want to change the text style, highlight the text you wish to change and use the "Properties" panel below to see what options you have available. If you cannot see this panel click "Window" and go to "Properties."
 

How to Create a Hierarchy Chart in OpenOffice

Although OpenOffice tries to be as much as Microsoft Office as possible one thing that they do not have a dedicated hierarchy diagram is utility like in Microsoft PowerPoint. However the flowchart functions in OpenOffice draw work nearly as well and you can create complicated organization charts, you change and reorganize can be. The finished diagram is easily integrated into OpenOffice write documents and impress presentations.

Instructions

1. Open Open Office by double-clicking its icon on your desktop. Click Open "Draw" from the menu.

2. Make sure the drawing line and filling tool bars by falling off in the view menu displayed will be, select "Toolbars" and make sure that these options are enabled.

3. Place the filling and desired line colors and line styles for the chart by using the drop-down menus in the toolbar line and filling. You can also select whether you want your boxes to drop shadow, by click the drop shadow icon in the toolbar.

4. In the pop-up menu, open flow diagrams in the Drawing toolbar at the bottom of the program window, and select the rectangle (the ToolTip displays "Flowchart: process.") Use the cursor to draw your first box above in the middle of the page.

5. On the text icon in the toolbar, click draw, and then click that you have drawn on the field. A blinking cursor appears in the box. Format drop down menu and select "Mark", set the font and font size you want for your label. Then enter the name for the top box in the hierarchy chart you want.

6. Select the rectangle tool from the Flowchart toolbar draw, and draw another field at the second level of the graph. Copy and paste this rectangle for as many fields as you need on your second level.

7. Click on the text tool in the tool bar drawing and use it to labels for all your second-level fields type.

8. Click on following in the Drawing toolbar and select the first connector with no arrows. If you select the Connector tool show all your boxes connection node in the middle of each side. Connecting lines between the fields by clicking the connection node of a box, and click a connection node from a box including drag recording.

9. Continue to lines connect the levels of your hierarchy diagram, after you add all the fields at a level with which name have levels of the fields.        

How to Create a Reference Point List in OpenOffice

Reference point produces a downloaded product, with word processing programs like Microsoft Word and openoffice writer, entrance, APA and MLA citation styles interacts. Once the reference point APA software downloaded, unpack and wait to install the software. Then, you can copy the APA reference - data bank input of different references, and put them in the reference page of your document. The list is formatted automatically.

Instructions Create a Paper

1. Click on "Start", then "all programs". Click the folder "APA Style" and "Reference database" when you open the database.

2. You have a name for the paper in the "Sample" in the dialog box "main menu" in the reference database. Click on "Yes" to add it to the list. Click on "Yes", to create a new writer document. 

3. Enter a "document header", "Running head," in the "author" and "Other information into the dialog box create a new document of the APA". Choose "Open Office" from the drop-down menu next to "Word processing" and click on "Save".

4. You have a name for the document, choose a location and save the document.  

5. Click on "Start" and then click "All programs". Click on the "open Office" folder, and click on "open Office writer" to open the program. Click "File", then "open". Select the document and click on "Open". The document opens in the APA style. 

Add a Reference List

1. Open the reference database, as described in section one, step one. Select the Add reference under "Reference types". Selection includes "Books", "Journals", "Periodicals" and "Online/Web".

2. Double-click the reference name to open the corresponding dialog box. Click the "Info" tab, and click on "Authors" to open the dialog box. Enter the name of the author, and then click "OK".

3. Fill the rest of the information in the "Info" tab click "Save" button. The reference is in the list of "References" the reference base. Add additional references, if applicable.

4. Click on the button "Create list" in the "References" tab. The list is displayed in a separate window. Position the mouse pointer in the window, and with the right mouse button. Choose openoffice writer from the menu, to access the document change paper.  

5. Scroll to the "References" of the document page. Click next to the "Add references here" the icon "insert" on the toolbar. The reference list is automatically formatted in the document. Delete the text "refers here to insert"   

How to Design & Build Virtual Classrooms

While it should be more in the e-learning as simply upload of a PowerPoint presentation on YouTube, with the technologies available online today, design and create a virtual classroom itself is probably easier than you may have thought. The two most important considerations are always price information to your students and students the opportunity to interact. Packed learning management systems can help, but are not necessarily required, create a virtual classroom. But will certainly help with your own website as a central go-to point for students.

Instructions

1. Content and Schedules

   • 1
     Decide how you want to provide information to your students. For best results, a combination of text- and video-based learning will appeal to the widest range of learners as some students prefer to read text while others prefer to listen and watch video.
     
   • 2
     Determine how you want to present video instruction to the class. Recorded video offers students flexibility in when they access the video, while offering you the ability to polish the video before releasing it to the class. Live streaming video offers the students the ability to interact with you during the presentation, giving you the ability to ensure your information is being understood. To distribute recorded videos, upload it directly to your own website or use a service like YouTube. For live video webinars, services like GoToMeeting.com and InstantPresenter.com offer free trials.
     
   • 3
     Use a calendar program on your computer like Outlook or an online calendar like Google Calendar to determine when class events will be held. Events include when course materials should be released, when webinars or chat sessions will occur and when student activities such as tests should be due. Draft a schedule in a Word or PDF document, or post it on your website. Release the schedule to students before the course begins; then send reminders for important events 24 hours beforehand.
     
   • 4
     Limit your classroom size to no more than 30 people -- the size of a regular class. Class size limits can be indicated on all marketing material and registration pages. A guarantee of a small class is more attractive to students because of the personal attention they will receive, compared to a class with unlimited registration. If you have more people who want to enroll, you can create a follow-up class when the first class is finished, or recruit a second instructor.
     
   • 5
     Select a payment method if you intend to charge tuition using a service like PayPal.com or MerchantInc.com. Both services allow students to pay for your class via credit card.
     

   Venues for Interaction

   • 6
     Investigate available course and learning management systems that can help you integrate courses, activities, resources, and questions. For example, Moodle.org offers a free open-source software package you can install on your own website. JoomlaLMS.com offers a free trial of their learning management system.
     
   • 7
     Determine how you want students to interact with you and each other if you are not using a learning management system that provides this opportunity. Email correspondence is easy to manage for small classes but does not provide a classroom atmosphere as it is usually one-on-one. Group forums and chat software, like those available on Google's Gmail or Skype can provide group interaction. A Facebook page or a Google+ circle can also serve as a venue for group interactions.
     
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     Break up your class into groups frequently to work on assignments. Pairing students together in groups of two will encourage them to communicate one-on-one, either over the phone or through an instant message program. Not only does this help them get more out of the class, it reduces the time you need as an instructor to answer questions they are able to answer themselves.

What do Cell Biologists Do?

What is Cell Biology?

Cell biology is the study of the fundamental unit of life - the humble cell. Cell Theory states that all living things are made up of tiny units called 'cells.' Cytology, the study of cell structure, was born in 1665 when Robert Hooke used a self-built microscope to examine thin slices of cork. The compartments he viewed under the microscope he named cellulae; Latin for 'little rooms.' (Actually what Hooke observed were not cells at all but empty cell walls that make up tree bark)
As microscopes improved and more detail was gathered about cells, Theodor Schwann began to develop cell theory. Postulated in 1839, Schwann's theory had two basic tenets:

1. All organisms consist of one or more cells
2. The cell is the basic unit of structure for all organisms.

In 1855, German physiologist Rudolf Virchow realised that cells could only arise by the division of other, preexisting cells - coining the term omnis cellula e cellula. This, when translated, is the third tenet of modern cell theory
3. All cells arise only from preexisting cells.
Put simply, cell biology is the study of both the basic structure of all organisms and the basic unit of reproduction. This makes an understanding of cell biology fundamental to all other aspects of biology.

What do Cell Biologists Do?

Cell Biologists are heavily involved in fertility treatment, cancer research, neurological research (e.g. Alzheimer's), sport science, food technology, genetic engineering, embryology, development, and disease diagnosis and screening...to name but a few. With the cell being the basis of life on Earth, modern cell biology is one of the most dynamic disciplines in biology, if not in science as a whole The modern cell biologist cannot only concern themselves with cytology (the study of cellular structure). Without the contribution biochemistry and genetics, the workings of the cell would still be a mystery. Cell biologists must therefore have a working knowledge of all three disciplines. Due to this, it is immensely difficult to pin down what an 'average' cell biologist does - it is like saying "what does a scientist do?" or "what does an engineer do?"

There are, however, some common strands. Most cell biologists will spend some of their time cell culturing (growing cells) and conducting cell assays (testing them with/for something). But there the similarities between researchers end. When I worked in a research lab for the British Heart Foundation, I worked with cells cultured from rodent hearts and HeLa cells. Other biologists in the lab were working on cancerous cell lines, whilst still others worked with bacteria.

Whilst the practical details of the job can vary, the paperwork is somewhat more generic. Experimental results must be written up and analysed. Staff meetings are often used to share recent results. Most labs require their scientists to report relevant papers from other institutions to keep staff up-to-date with the most recent developments in their field. The job therefore requires a lot of reading and researching.

What Skills does a Cell Biologist Need?

The most important traits for a prospective cell biologist are:

• an eye for accuracy and manual dexterity - both vital for intricate lab work;
• patience;
• strong subject knowledge and enough insight to interpret your results;
• excellent written and verbal communication skills;
• competency with ICT and basic cytological techniques (cell culturing, separation, and visualisation, as well as basic cell assays)

It must be stressed that those without a firm basis in mathematics will struggle pursuing a career in cell biology. Raw data is (usually) useless; it requires some manipulation using tools such as statistics. Papers published in journals are the lifeblood of academic institutions. To understand results from other institutions, let alone publish your own, requires good mathematical knowledge. Some institutions employ dedicated statisticians, but a firm basis in stats yourself will really help you stand out from the crowd.

The other thing you need is mental toughness. Working as a research scientist you must be prepared for failure - many of your experiments will fail...or worse...come back inconclusive. Experiments can take days and weeks and, without determination, a lack of success can grind you down. This only serves to make to 'eureka' moment all the more satisfying.

How to Become a Cell Biologist?

The road to becoming a cell biologist should be one that starts with a love of science. For research associate positions, at least a Bachelor's degree - preferably with honours - is required. If you are looking to become a research scientist-proper, a PhD is necessary. the usefulness of MSc or MPhil qualifications is debated - they can give you a useful foot on the ladder and can give you an insight into the life of a full-time researcher so you can see if pursuing this career is right for you.

With the job market being so competitive, you need something to tip you over the edge. Any work experience programmes offered during the course of your university studies are highly beneficial. If there is the option to study any modules in mathematics, statistics or computer modelling (particularly practical courses), then take them up. Skill/qualifications in bioinformatics, biostatistics and genomics are highly sought-after in the new generation of cell biologist.

Also, get as much practice and experience as you can in basic techniques in cell biology. Practice preparing samples for visualisation, preparing cell assays, sterile technique etc. Make sure you are up-to-date with the latest advancements in your chosen field and ensure your CV is finely-tuned to the job you want.

Dust Devils Are Also Known As Nevada Tornadoes

Dust Devils Are Similar To Tornadoes

When I found out we were moving to Nevada, I looked into the weather here out of curiosity, and found out that they do not have "traditional" tornadoes here, instead they have "dust devils" or whirlwinds comprised of wind and dust. Oh great. Maybe I'll get picked up off the ground by one of these things and say " Toto, we're not in Nevada any more" and maybe I'll see a tin man and a scarecrow... and is that a WIZARD behind that curtain? Ok, so I have too active of an imagination, I'm the first to admit it.

Instead, my husband and I were waiting at a stoplight on a Las Vegas street one VERY hot day last summer, and all of a sudden we were surrounded by this WIND, very windy, but it didn't last too long... my husband being quick on the automatic windows closed them pretty quickly, and by the time this wind stopped, the car was almost covered in various debris! Pieces of leaves and dirt and sand and who knows what else that it had picked up along the way.

I remember asking my husband "what was THAT?" He told me it was "just a dust devil." They are actually kind of "cute" from a distance, like a mini tornado. They whirl and swirl and kick up some dust and debris, and **poof** just as quickly as they show up, they are gone!

I looked to find information on these phenomena of nature that I had never seen before (living in Wisconsin before we moved here to Nevada, I don't think we had them - although at times, there would be some leaves blowing in a circle, maybe that was something similar). I found out that dust devils are most often formed and seen on hot dry sunny clear days, when a swirling updraft of heated air causes them. They are very common here in the Mojave desert in Nevada, and even on the streets in Las Vegas.

They compare to tornadoes in that they are both swirling masses of air that is rotating vertically. But, in a dust devil the air is going upward, because of the tendency of heat to rise. And the good thing is, a dust devil rarely ever reaches the intensity of a tornado, and therefore doesn't do as much damage as a tornado can do. Although, there was one dust devil that happened at a fairgrounds in Arizona that caused some temporary tent structures to collapse, causing some damage. That one happened in the year 2000. But, it was memorable for being one of the very few dust devils that has caused damage. usually, they are pretty harmless.

Here in the Southwest United States, they are a pretty common occurrence. They go by several names, one being "dust devil" and others being a "dancing devil" or a "dirt devil." And me being as brilliant as I am, I bet the vacuum cleaner dirt devil got its name from the similar swirling action, and picking things up along its path. I could be wrong.

There have been stories among Indian tribes, especially the Navajo, that these dust devils are actually spirits of deceased. And if the whirlwind is spinning clockwise, the spirit in it is said to be a good one, if it spins counter-clockwise, the spirit in it is evil. These dust devils can show up in desert areas all over the world, and each place they show up, they have different names. In Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Jordan, they are known as djin, which loosely translated means "genies" or "devils."

In Iran, they are called "round wind" and in Egypt, they are called "ghost wind." Whatever name they go by, they are normally reserved for desert locations and wide open spaces. When they do occur in a city on a street for example (like the one we saw), they are known as "Nevada Tornadoes."

How Does a Low-flow Showerhead Save Water?

How Does a Low-flow Shower Head Work?

Water conservation is an important concern for our little planet, as are all environmental issues. But you must already know this or else you wouldn’t be here! One of the ways you can reduce the amount of water you use in your home is by installing a low-flow shower head. Standard shower heads can use up to 2.5 gallons of water per minute, and even more for older fixtures. This means even a 5-minute shower uses over twelve gallons of water. Older shower heads can use over five gallons of water per minute! Since you probably don’t take cold showers, this is water that needs to be heated as well. A low-flow shower head saves water by restricting the flow, thus reducing the amount you use when you shower. You conserve both water and the energy needed to heat it up. This is a win-win situation for you and the environment. You conserve resources, and save a few dollars doing it!

Most low-flow shower heads use less than 2 gallons of water per minute. According to energysavers.gov, you can reduce your water usage by 25%-60% by installing low-flow fixtures. There are two types of low-flow showerheads, each with a different mechanism for saving water: Aerators reduce water usage by mixing the water output with air and forming a spray. Laminar-flow shower heads restrict water output and form individual streams.

Pros and Cons of Low-flow Shower Heads

Aerators are those low-flow shower heads that form a misty spray by introducing air into the water stream. The upside to these is that they are extremely environmentally friendly, some boasting only .5 gallons of water usage per minute. Many people enjoy the feeling of the spray, but there are some downsides to an aerating shower head. Aerators, by mixing air with the water flow, tend to make the water feel cooler, thus encouraging you to crank up the heat. Second, because of the super-low flow, you may end up taking a much longer shower, effectively eliminating the water-saving idea altogether.

Laminar-flow shower heads put out streams of water, and can be adjusted to different flow patterns. These are a great option for people living in humid regions, as aerators can create a warm mist that’s probably unwanted. Laminar-flow heads can create a great massage-like sensation, but they have their drawbacks as well. Some low-flow laminar heads end up being more like a small waterfall than a shower, meaning your spend more time showering and use more water.
There are good and bad models of each type of low-flow head, with varying levels of performance. With pros and cons all around, how to you go about picking one?

Choosing a Low-flow Shower Head

The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has made it easy for consumers to find high-quality low-flow shower head options by implementing a labeling system. WaterSense is a combined initiative, bringing together the EPA, manufacturers, utility companies, non-profit organizations, retailers and other professionals. WaterSense shower heads must meet strict criteria, tested by an independent third party and approved by the EPA. Products that earn the WaterSense label must not only adhere to a flow rate of less than 2 gallons-per-minute, but also pass performance tests that ensure the shower head meets a consumer’s needs as far as comfort and ease of use.

The EPA says the average household can save 2,300 gallons of water per year by installing WaterSense shower heads. And, they say if one in ten Americans retrofits their entire bathroom with WaterSense fixtures, as a country we could save 74 billion gallons of water annually! That’s a whole lot of water, mostly water that required energy to warm up.

Simply visiting the EPA’s WaterSense website is a great way to begin your search for a low-flow showerhead. You can expand your search to online retailers, and spend some time reading reviews online. It’s worth taking the time to do the research in order to find a shower head that’s both environmentally friendly and pleasant to use. Nothing ruins your day quicker than a bad shower first thing in the morning! Well, except maybe high water and energy bills.

Is a Low-flow Shower Head Right for You?

It has been a federal law since 1992 that no shower head may put out more than 2.5 gallons of water per minute. If your shower head dates before that you should definitely replace it, if not with a low-flow head at least with a more modern alternative. As for going the low-flow route, it is a personal choice, one that you can feel good about.

You might cut back on some utility bills, but the importance of a change to low-flow heads goes beyond the financial benefits. If everyone makes small changes like these we, as a planet, can seriously reduce our drain on the natural resources of the world. It may seem like water is everywhere, but indeed it is a precious commodity. Doing your part to ensure fresh water for future generations can be as easy as installing a low-flow shower head.

How to Attract Insect-eating Birds

Millions of people around the world maintain birdfeeders on their properties, bringing in colorful songbirds that munch away at seeds, millet, nuts and suet. But some backyard birders never realize there’s a whole other community of birds out there who couldn’t care less about birdfeeders. They don’t need to rely on you to fill the seed every morning, and they aren’t impressed that you spent an extra couple of bucks on the premium mix this week. These guys eat insects, and they can find their own food!

Insect-eating birds are among the most elusive birds that visit your backyard. Since they don’t come to your feeder, they’re often tough to spot. Many spend their time hunting in the tops of trees or deep in the bushes. A few, like the American Robin, are brazen enough to hop around in your yard searching for worms and grubs. But most require a little thought to lure close enough for viewing.
So how can you go about attracting insect-eating birds to your yard?

5 Ways to Attract Insect-eating Birds

1. Plant a garden.
A flower garden makes an excellent hunting ground for insect-eating birds, particularly if it’s densely planted. Even a vegetable garden will do nicely. Gardens attract bugs, and it won’t take long for birds to realize your backyard is a buffet of beetles, aphids, caterpillars and spiders.

On the other hand, the garden may be the reason you want to attract insect-eating birds to begin with. Birds are great for pest control, and if you plant a garden they’ll be your best friends. The suggestions below will increase your odds of bringing in more birds.

2. Put up bird boxes and houses.
Species like chickadees, titmice, nuthatches and bluebirds all eat insects, and will happily nest in a bird box if you provide one. You can mount the houses on existing structures or trees, but placing them on poles provides a little better security from predation. Be sure to check the needs of whatever species you are trying to attract. For instance, different birds will prefer different sized houses, and most birds prefer an entranceway facing away from the afternoon sun.

If you really feel adventurous about putting up bird housing, you may try attracting a colony of Purple Martins. Purple Martins are members of the swallow family, and do a great job of eating bugs. They need a certain type of housing structure and a little extra care, but once a breeding population of Martins takes up residence on your property they will come back year after year.

3. Make your backyard into a bird sanctuary.
Most birds eat bugs, even the ones that eat seeds, and providing all of the necessary components needed to make a bird happy improves your chances of attracting insect-eating birds. Make sure you include a feeder or two, a water source such as a birdbath or small fountain, and plenty of indigenous vegetation.

If you set up your yard in a bird-friendly way, before long those birds who won’t visit your feeder will be bopping around in your shrubbery. Catbirds will take advantage of low, densely planted vegetation. If you plant fruit trees, orioles and other insect eaters will love your property in the spring when the blossoms are out. Building a backyard bird habitat takes a little work, but it’s a great way to bring in a wide variety of birds which a feeder alone wouldn’t attract.

4. Feed suet. Suet is seed, nuts, fruit and other bird food packed into a cake made of lard. It’s actually pretty nasty, unless you’re a bird. Suet will attract woodpeckers and nuthatches, two notorious insect-eating machines. Once woodpeckers decide your property is a good place to be, you’ll hear them pecking away on dead trees in the nearby area. You’ll see them at the suet feeder, and with a pair of binoculars you’ll be able to spot them quite frequently looking for insects up in the trees. They won’t do much to help your garden, but their presence makes for some great bird watching.

Nuthatches are those funny little birds with the long beaks that hop down the side of a tree head-first. They are a species that definitely will come to your seed feeder, but just as often you’ll see them hunting for insects up and down the trunks of trees.

5. Put up a nectar feeder. Did you know that hummingbirds eat bugs as well as nectar? They’ll munch on tiny insects like ants, gnats, aphids and even mosquitoes. A flower garden plus a nectar feeder in your yard means there is a great chance you’ll see a lot of hummingbirds. Hummingbirds are a joy to watch, and many birders specialize in attracting them.

Hummingbird feeders may also attract orioles, but they require a special type of feeder to be able to extract the nectar.